Jeremy teo 14 1o2 slideshare uses cookies to improve functionality and performance, and to provide you with relevant advertising. What are the free energy and the chemical potential. A boseeinstein condensate bec is a state of matter which is typically formed when a gas of. A boseeinstein condensate bec is a state of matter where quantum effects. We also show that the wavefunction of this condensate, via the quantum potential it produces, gives rise to a cosmological constant which may account for the.
Of the five states matter can be in, the boseeinstein condensate is. If you continue browsing the site, you agree to the use of cookies on this website. Scientists have successfully created a fifth state of matter in space. The most obvious property of a bec is that a large fraction of its particles occupy the same, namely the lowest, energy state. Ionized plasma, quarkgluon plasma, boseeinstein condensate and fermionic condensate are other less commonly known states of matter. Groundstate solution of boseeinstein condensate by. Now an entirely new extreme state of matter called the boseeinstein condensate bec has been created in the laboratory. Practical applications for a boseeinstein condensate. Wieman of the university of colorado at boulder led a team of physicists at jila, a joint institute of nist and cuboulder, in a research effort that culminated in 1995 with the creation of the worlds first boseeinstein condensatea new form of matter. The phenomenon is not only providing new insights into quantum theory which underpins our understanding of. Can you explain the fifth state of matter boseeinstein. What do you understand by plasma state and bec bose.
Boseeinstein condensate refers to the fifth state of matter and deals with what happens to matter at the atomic level, which is the branch of physics called quantum mechanics. Bose einstein condensate is an unusual state of matter that appears because of the quantum mechanical effects on the gathering of entities called bosons. Nearly a hundred years ago, albert einstein and satyendra nath bose predicted that quantum mechanics can force a large number of particles. Because of this property it is possible to treat the whole condensate as one big matter wave in analogy to a light wave produced. Definition of boseeinstein condensate merriamwebster.
Wieman 1995 produced the rst gaseous condensate nobel price. A positive answer is given and it is explained how this could be done and what would be the features of such condensates. Krotkov department of physics, university of massachusetts, amherst, massachusetts 01003. Boseeinstein condensate definition is a state of matter that occurs when a set of atoms is cooled almost to absolute zero in which a statistical description of the positions of the atoms implies that they physically overlap each other and in effect form a single atom.
Boseeinstein condensate bec is a state of matter which is formed by cooling a gas of extremely low density,about onehundredthousandth the density of normal air, to super low temperature. A bose einstein condensate bec is a state of matter where quantum effects become apparent on a macroscopic scale. A new state of matter 22 more on the theory of boseeinstein condensation so far we have seen a very simple treatment for bec within so called grand canonical ensemble of statistical mechanics. Powtoon is a free tool that allows you to develop cool animated clips and animated presentations for your website, office meeting, sales pitch. Wikipedia, the free encyclopaedia, adds, a boseeinstein condensate bec is a state of matter of bosons confined in an external potential and cooled to temperatures very near to absolute zero 0 k. A state of matter is also referred to as a physical state and often erroneously described as a phase. The coldest temperature that exists in nature is found in deep space, at around 3 degrees kelvin. The origin of the phase in the interference of bose.
The boseeinstein condensate a superfluid gas of coherent atoms wolfgang ketterle research laboratory for electronics, mitharvard center for ultracold atoms, and department of physics massachusetts institute of technology, cambridge, ma 029, usa email. Spin squeezing was one of the first quantum strategies proposed to overcome the standard quantum limit, in a precision measurement 5,6 that triggered many experiments 10,11,12,14,15,16,17. The origin of the phase in the interference of boseeinstein condensates w. Quantum phase of a boseeinstein condensate with an. The above figure shows the result of such a measurement. What are the properties of a bose einstein condensate. Boseeinstein condensate a new state of matter youtube. Einstein 192425 extended boses idea to material particles predicted bec in an ideal quantum gas i w. Boseeinstein condensate bec, a state of matter in which separate atoms or subatomic particles, cooled to near absolute zero 0 k. Bec bose einstein condensate is a state of matter of a dilute gas of bosons cooled to temperature very closed to absolute zero.
At low temperatures, a large number of bosons may occupy the same energy state, resulting in what is known as a boseeinstein condensation. The boseeinstein state of matter was the only one created while your parents were alive. A boseeinstein condensate is a phase of matter formed by bosons cooled to temperatures very near to absolute zero 0 kelvin or 273. What is a bose einstein condensate and what are its. Gases, liquids, solids and plasmas were all well studied for decades, if not centuries.
Boseeinstein condensates of dilute gases offer a rich field to study fundamental quantummechanical processes, manipulation of the speed at which light propogates. Dark matter and dark energy from boseeinstein condensate. Boseeinstein condensatea new state of matter matter was known to exist ithree phases, viz. However, in 1995, eric cornell and carl wieman were able to cool a sample of 2,000 rubidium87 atoms to less than 1 billionth of a degree above absolute zero, generating a. A boseeinstein condensate is a state of a dilute gas, sometimes also called fifth state of matter, of weakly interacting bosons i. The boseeinstein condensate a superfluid gas of coherent. Boseeinstein condensate made at room temperature for. Plasma state is the 4th state of matter it is an ionized gas, a gas into which sufficient energy is provided to free electrons from atoms or molecules and to allow both species i. Boseeinstein condensate simple english wikipedia, the. In quantum mechanics, the boseeinstein condensate is used to conduct. Properties of the bose einstein condensate sciencing. The reinterpretation of cold dark matter as a bose. Energy in matter the boseeinstein state of matter was the only one created while your parents were alive.
It does not exist naturally, as compared to other forms like gas, solid, liquid and plasma. In atomic condensates this can be confirmed by measuring the velocity distribution of the atoms in the gas. We aim to make science available to everyone and to educate people in a fun and simple way. The gas has extremely low density, about onehundredthousandth the density of normal air. Description of boseeinstein condensate of cold gas in. On june 5, 1995, the first gaseous condensate was produced by eric cornell and carl wieman at the. Author links open overlay panel sergiu bazgan a luca pezze b augusto smerzi b nicolae a. Under such conditions, a large fraction of bosons occupy the lowest quantum state, at which point microscopic quantum phenomena, particularly wavefunction interference. K kelvin, coalesce into a single quantum mechanical entitythat is, one that can be described by a wave functionon a nearmacroscopic scale. With use of a variational method we identify the three possible phases of the system multiple quantization, single quantization, and a mixed phase as a function of the rotational frequency of the gas and of the coupling constant. The 5 th state of matter, boseeinstein condensate done by.
The slowing of atoms by the use of cooling produces a singular quantum state. It is a state which is formed when a gas at ntp is cooled and pressurised to form another. Cornell of the national institute of standards and technology and carl e. It is possible to construct a phase state for which the particle number is uncertain, but.
Boseeinstein condensate is a rare state or phase of matter in which a large percentage of bosons collapse into their lowest quantum state, allowing quantum effects to be observed on a macroscopic scale. Satyendra nath bose and albert einstein theorized that this state of matter existed in the mid1920s when the two scientists were formulating their predictions on the characteristics of elementary. Later on plasma, a highly ionized phase was added to it. Created using powtoon free sign up at create animated videos and animated presentations for free. This video is about bose einstein condensate the 5th state of matter. Groundstate solution of timeindependent grosspitaevskii equation of boseeinstein condensation at zero or very low temperature is computed by directly minimizing the energy functional under a constraint through the finite element discretization. Researchers in austria have used lasers to levitate and cool a glass nanoparticle into the quantum regime.
The 5 th state of matter, bose einstein condensate done by. Einstein condensate it consists of superunenergetic and supercold particles. It is formed when a gas of extremely low density is cooled to an extremely low pressure. Plasma is an ionized gas, a gas into which sufficient energy is provided to free electrons from atoms or molecules and to allow both species, ions and electrons, to coexist. Description of boseeinstein condensate of cold gas in interaction through virtual states of noncondensate atomic components. In the left plot, no bose einstein condensation took place. Of the five states matter can be in, the bose einstein condensate is perhaps the most mysterious. The 5th state of matter boseeinstein condensate slideshare. We examine an effectively repulsive boseeinstein condensate of atoms that rotates in a quadraticplusquartic potential. Boseeinstein condensate bec is what happens to a dilute gas when it is made very cold, near absolute zero 0 k which equals. Plasma, boseeinstein condensate and fermionic condensate david tin win faculty of science and technology, assumption university bangkok, thailand abstract this is a continuation of part i, and contains descriptions of the three.
The presence of the condensate dark matter and of the boseeinstein phase transition could have modified drastically the cosmological evolution of the early universe, as well as the large scale. Bose 1924 quantum statistical treatment of photons i a. The bosons collapse into this state in circumstances of extremely low temperature, near the value of absolute zero. Instead one can observe a high concentration of atoms in the ground state. Outline 1 about boseeinstein condensation bec 2 bec production 3 evaporative cooling 4 absorption imaging 5 interference between two bose condensates 6 summary. Physicists are able to cool some gases down to less than onemillionth of a degree above absolute zero by stopping their atoms with lasers and magnetic fields. We show that dark matter consisting of bosons of mass of about 1ev or less has critical temperature exceeding the temperature of the universe at all times, and hence would have formed a boseeinstein condensate at very early epochs. When you hear the word condensate, think about condensation and the way gas molecules come together and condense and to a liquid. Boseeinstein condensate of alpha particles in the ground state of. Powtoon is a free tool that allows you to develop cool animated clips and animated presentations for your website, office meeting, sales pitch, nonprofit fundraiser, product launch, video resume. Boseeinstein condensate some gases, when cooled to ultralow temperatures, collectively achieve a new quantum state, the boseeinstein condensate. A boseeinstein condensate bec is a state of matter also called the fifth state of matter which is typically formed when a gas of bosons at low densities is cooled to temperatures very close to absolute zero 273. We analyze the meanfield eigenstates of the atommolecule boseeinstein condensate ambec under the assumption that the background elastic scattering length of the atoms can be ignored. Tom broadhurst, an ikerbasque researcher at the upvehus department of theoreti.
The density of bosonic states are calculated for spinless free massive bosons in generalised d dimensions. Although it is trapped in a roomtemperature environment, the particles motion is solely. Squeezing and entanglement in a boseeinstein condensate. Introduction to plasma the fourth state of matter is plasma. With the announcement of the recent successful production of a boseeinstein condensate bec of photons, a circle has been completed which started in 1925 with the vision of albert einstein and satyendra nath bose a sustained macroscopic condensed state of matter where all atoms are in the same lowest quantum state. It forms when the particles that make it up have very low energy. Researchers at aalto university, finland, have created a boseeinstein condensate of light coupled with metal electrons, socalled surface plasmon polaritons.